ABSTRACT
As células-tronco embrionárias (CTE) encontradas nos embriões possuem a capacidade de se diferenciar em qualquer célula do corpo humano. As pesquisas com a CTE são realizadas com o intuito de encontrar a cura para diversas doenças. O problema é que para realizar tais experiências requer-se a morte do embrião e adquire-se todo um caráter ético e legal, por tratar-se da própria vida humana. Diante dessa questão, objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa, apresentar as implicações éticas e legais na utilização de células tronco embrionárias no Brasil, em pesquisas para fins terapêuticos. O foco principal desse discurso está na questão do que vem a ser o embrião, é pessoa ou mera aglomeração de células? Cabe ao direito permitir ou não tal utilização, e a ética, dizer se tal ato é lícito ou fere o direito. O Brasil autorizou a utilização dos embriões humanos congelados em clínicas de fertilização, desde que aprovados pelos pais, alegando que não se trata de um problema ético, mas do direito dos pais decidirem sobre o que fazer com o material biológico por eles gerados.
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) found in embryos have the capacity to differentiate into any cell in the human body. Studies with ESC are done in order to find a cure for various diseases. The problem is that to carry out such experiments, embryonic death is required and there is an entire ethical and legal issue because it is a human life itself. Therefore, our aim is to show ethical and legal implications in the use of embryonic stem cells in Brazil for therapeutic purposes. The main focus is whether an embryo is a person or a mere cluster of cells. The Law should allow or not such a use, and ethics should rule whether such an act is lawful or violates the law. Brazil has authorized the use of frozen human embryos in fertility clinics if approved by parents, claiming that it is not an ethical problem, but the parents? right to decide what to do with the biological material they had generated.
Subject(s)
Stem Cells , Bioethics , EthicsABSTRACT
La anatomía humana tiene como importante fuente de estudio al cuerpo humano. Ella utiliza cuerpos no reclamados, usualmente de indigentes, cuerpos entregados como un beneficio a la sociedad sin nada pedir nada a cambio, siendo dignos de pleno respeto. Sin embargo, preocupa que la muerte no es mirada socialmente como algo natural a la vida, llevando la convivencia en el laboratorio de anatomía humana a un estado de miedo, angustia y repulsión. Con eso se produce un mecanismo de negación, que puede generar deshumanización hacia la pieza anatómica. Ser confrontado con la muerte de otro, es lo mismo que confrontarse con nuestra propia muerte. En este contexto, los profesores y técnicos tienen una gran responsabilidad en discutir y reflejar la cuestión, de modo que puedan promover la idea que el cadáver es la expresión de vida y respeto, pues tal concepto será de gran importancia para la futura vida profesional de los estudiantes. Con este artículo, nuestro objetivo es reflexionar sobre la realidad de la muerte y el respeto en el laboratorio de anatomía humana.
Human anatomy has the human body as an important source of studies. It uses non-claimed, usually pauper, bodies delivered as a benefit to society without a counterpart, thus deserving full respect. However, within current society, death is not faced as something proper to life, what results in a state of fear, agony and loath within the human anatomy laboratory. Therefore, negation mechanisms which may generate dehumanization are produced. To be confronted with someone else's death is the same as to be confronted with our own death. Within this context, Professors and technicians have great responsibility on having the students aware that the cadaver is the expression of life and respect, as such concepts will be very important for the students' future professional life. With this article we aim at reflecting on the reality of death and respect inside the human anatomy laboratory.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Attitude to Death , Cadaver , Death , Dehumanization , Ethics, Medical , Fear/ethics , Anatomy/education , Anatomy/historyABSTRACT
The metopic suture is found between the frontal bone tubers, there being divergences concerning the precise time of its closure, varying from the first to tenth year of life, and it can persist until adult age (metopism). A study was conducted in 71 dry skulls of adult Brazilian subjects of both sexes (43 males and 28 females), with ages ranging from twenty five to eighty years from the bone collection of the Laboratory of Human Anatomy of the Paranaense University UNIPAR, Brazil. It was observed the occurrence of metopism in 7.04% (05/71) of the studied skulls, of which 80% (4/5) were female and only 20% (1/5) male. The incomplete metopic suture was found in 32.39% (23/71), with higher frequency in female skulls, 60.86% (14/23), when compared to the male ones, that reached 31.13% (9/23). Sutures showed variations of morphology, the linear type being the most frequent, with 69.56% (16/23). Different incidences of metopic suture were found in the different antrophometric types of skulls. Incomplete metopic sutures were predominant in the brachycranics, while complete metopic sutures had the same incidence in mesocranics, 40% (2/5) and dolichocranics, 40% (2/5).
La sutura metópica se encuentra entre las tuberosidades del hueso frontal, existiendo variaciones en relación a la fecha exacta de su cierre, ocurriendo entre el primero y el décimo año de vida, pudiendo persistir hasta la vida adulta (metopismo). Se realizó un estudio en 71 cráneos secos, de individuos adultos, brasileños, de ambos sexos (43 masculinos y 28 femeninos), con edades variando entre 25-80 años de edad, pertenecientes a los osarios del Laboratorio de Anatomía Humana de la Universidad Paranaense - UNIPAR, Brasil. La presencia de metopismo fue observada en el 7,04% (05/71) de los cráneos estudiados, siendo 80% (4/5) femeninos y sólo 20% (1/5) masculinos. La sutura metópica incompleta fue encontrada en el 32,39% de los casos (23/71), siendo más frecuente en el sexo femenino, 60,86% (14/23) que en el sexo masculino 39,13% de los casos (9/23). Las suturas metópicas presentaron variaciones en su morfología, siendo la forma más frecuente la del tipo linear, 69,56% (16/23). Fueron observadas distintas suturas metópicas en los diversos tipos antropométricos de cráneo. Las suturas incompletas predominaron en los braquicráneos y las suturas metópicas completas tuvieron la misma incidencia en los mesocráneos de 40% (2/5) y dolicocráneosde 40% (2/5).